Open innovation is a term used to promote a different and open mindset towards innovation that goes against the secrecy and traditional mentality of corporate R&D labs.

The use of the term "open innovation" refers to the growing acceptance of external cooperation in an increasingly complex world and environment.

It has been promoted in particular by Henry Chesbrough, associate professor and faculty director of the Center for Open Innovation at the Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley.

The term was originally referred to as "a new paradigm that assumes that companies can and should use both external and internal ideas, and internal and external paths to market, as companies seek to advance their technology."

More recently, it is defined as "a distributed innovation process based on intentionally managed knowledge flows that cross organizational boundaries, using pecuniary and non-pecuniary mechanisms consistent with the organization's business model".

This more recent definition recognizes that open innovation is not just about the firm: it also includes creative consumers and innovative user communities.

The boundaries between a company and its environment have become more permeable; innovations can be easily transferred inward and outward between companies with implications at the consumer, company, industry and societal levels.

Since innovations are often produced by outsiders and by the founders of new firms, rather than by existing organizations, the central idea of open innovation is that, in a world of widely distributed knowledge, firms cannot afford to rely entirely on their own research, but must buy or license processes or inventions (i.e. patents) from other firms.

This is referred to as inbound open innovation. In addition, internal inventions that are not used in a company's business should be taken outside the company (e.g., through licensing, joint ventures or spin-offs).

The open innovation paradigm can be interpreted as going beyond the mere use of external sources of innovation, such as customers, rival firms and academic institutions, and may involve both a change in the use, management and employment of intellectual property and in the technical and research-driven generation of intellectual property.

In this sense, it is understood as the systematic encouragement and exploration of a wide range of internal and external sources of innovation opportunities, the integration of this exploration with the company's capabilities and resources, and the exploitation of these opportunities through multiple channels.

Advantages

Open innovation offers several benefits to companies operating in a global collaboration program:

Reduced research and development costs.
Potential for improved development productivity
Incorporation of customers/developers early in the development process.
Increased accuracy of market research and customer orientation
Potential for synergy between internal and external innovations
Viral marketing potential
Enhanced digital transformation
Potential for entirely new business models
Leveraging innovation ecosystems.

Models

Government-driven
There are countries with knowledge transfer partnerships that act as a funding mechanism that fosters a partnership between a company and a knowledge-based partner.

Product platforms
This approach involves the development and presentation of a partially completed product in order to provide a framework or set of tools for partners to access, adapt and exploit.

The goal is for contributors to extend the functionality of the platform product while increasing the overall value of the product for all involved.

Off-the-shelf software frameworks, such as a software development kit (SDK) or application programming interface (API), are common examples of platform products.

This approach is common in markets with strong network effects where the demand for the product implementing the framework (such as a cell phone or online application) increases with the number of developers attracted to use the platform toolkit.

The high scalability of platforms often results in increased complexity of administration and quality assurance.

Competitions of ideas
This model involves the implementation of a system that encourages competitiveness among contributors by rewarding successful submissions.

Developer competitions such as hackathons and many crowdsourcing initiatives or data science competitions fall into this category of open innovation.

This method provides organizations with cost-effective access to a wealth of innovative ideas, while providing insight into the needs of their customers and contributors.

Customer immersion
Although mostly geared toward the end of the product development cycle, this technique involves extensive interaction with the customer through the host organization's employees.

In this way, companies can accurately incorporate customer input while allowing them to be more closely involved in the design process and product management cycle.

Collaborative product design and development
As with product platforms, an organization incorporates its collaborators into product development.

This differs from platform creation in that, in addition to providing the framework within which the collaborators develop, the host organization still controls and maintains any products developed in collaboration with its collaborators.

This approach gives organizations greater control by ensuring that the right product is developed as quickly as possible, while reducing the overall cost of development. Dr. Henry Chesbrough recently endorsed this open innovation model in the optics and photonics industry.

Innovation networks
Similar to idea competitions, an organization leverages a network of collaborators in the design process by offering a reward in the form of an incentive.

The difference is related to the fact that the network of collaborators is used to develop solutions to problems identified within the development process, as opposed to new products.

Emphasis needs to be placed on assessing the capabilities of the organization to ensure value creation in open innovation.

In science
In Austria, the Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft launched a project called "Tell us!" on mental health issues and used the concept of open innovation to obtain feedback on research questions.

Innovation intermediaries

Innovation intermediaries are individuals or organizations that facilitate innovation by linking multiple independent actors in order to foster collaboration and open innovation, thereby strengthening the innovation capacity of firms, industries, regions or nations.

As such, they can be key players in the transformation from closed to open modes of innovation.

Innovation intermediaries is a concept in innovation studies to help understand the role of firms, agencies and individuals that facilitate innovation by providing the bridging, brokering, knowledge transfer necessary to bring together the range of different organizations and expertise needed to create successful innovation.

In this sense DataSource.ai acts as an innovation intermediary to democratize access to innovations derived from new technologies such as data science and machine learning.

The term open innovation intermediaries was used for this concept by Henry Chesbrough in his 2006 book as "companies that help other companies implement various facets of open innovation".

Innovation intermediaries

Innovation intermediaries are individuals or organizations that facilitate innovation by linking multiple independent actors in order to foster collaboration and open innovation, thereby strengthening the innovation capacity of firms, industries, regions or nations.

As such, they can be key players in the transformation from closed to open modes of innovation.

Innovation intermediaries is a concept in innovation studies to help understand the role of firms, agencies and individuals that facilitate innovation by providing the bridging, brokering, knowledge transfer necessary to bring together the range of different organizations and expertise needed to create successful innovation.

The term open innovation intermediaries was used for this concept by Henry Chesbrough in his 2006 book as "companies that help other companies implement various facets of open innovation".

Role

Innovation intermediaries are variously described as "bridges", "change agents", "brokers".

They are important because the promoters of a new invention or technique are rarely connected with its potential users, or with companies and organizations that have complementary experience, expertise and resources.

The same applies to potential users of innovations, so intermediaries are needed to bring organizations and knowledge together to create supply networks and markets.

For example, technology intermediaries are created to help companies leverage their technological advances.

There are three main areas of focus:

Business model innovation;
Intellectual property management;
Service innovation.

Intermediaries have also been defined as a system of complementary organizational categories that shape, drive and ensure systemic integration, reducing transaction complexity, enabling institutional change and promoting crucial learning dynamics between system components, organizations and entrepreneurs; at all levels relevant to political, economic and social innovation.

These categories could be established together, allowing for a holistic approach to the issue of intermediation.

The novel notion of a system of intermediary organizations could also facilitate the coordination and evaluation of their profiles and missions over time and space-based needs.

Intermediaries play a wide range of roles, facilitating the bringing together of various actors in different parts of innovation processes, such as ideation, invention, standards development, IPR management, commercialization, creation of new market segments, etc.

These intermediaries can specialize in different services. Their basic functions include

coordination of processes and the search for solutions between innovation seekers and potential solution providers,
knowledge and funding brokering, testing, standardization, project appraisal and portfolio management, etc.

Each of these activities facilitates the exchange and creation of new knowledge, creates opportunities for experimentation, helps the emergence of common standards and goals, and the formation of partnerships.

Open innovation intermediaries are responsible for facilitating the open innovation activity undertaken by companies, focusing on the full exploitation of the benefits of mutual action and thoroughly mitigating the disadvantages and risks for all companies.

In the special field of technology development of enterprises, technology intermediaries are set up to help enterprises leverage their knowledge.

The intermediaries are specialized in different R&D and R&D-related activities and can help companies build absorptive capacity.

Impact

From an economic perspective, innovation intermediaries create "multi-sided" markets by delivering value to multiple agents in a matching market, create the market and manage the matching process.

In the Internet age, there are an increasing number of online services and platforms that explicitly seek to play the role of innovation intermediaries, including technology search services, crowdfunding and crowdsourcing services, meetups, open competition platforms, etc.

Despite the trend of online platforms, a management role is necessary for effective network linkage building or efficient technology sourcing.

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Machine Learning

Model Evaluation Metrics in Machine Learning

CreditsPredictive models have become a trusted advisor to many businesses and for a good reason. These models can “foresee the future”, and there are many different methods available, meaning any industry can find one that fits their particular challenges.When we talk about predictive models, we are talking either about a regression model (continuous output) or a classification model (nominal or binary output). In classification problems, we use two types of algorithms (dependent on the kind of output it creates):Class output: Algorithms like SVM and KNN create a class output. For instance, in a binary classification problem, the outputs will be either 0 or 1. However, today we have algorithms that can convert these class outputs to probability.Probability output: Algorithms like Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, Adaboost, etc. give probability outputs. Converting probability outputs to class output is just a matter of creating a threshold probability.IntroductionWhile data preparation and training a machine learning model is a key step in the machine learning pipeline, it’s equally important to measure the performance of this trained model. How well the model generalizes on the unseen data is what defines adaptive vs non-adaptive machine learning models.By using different metrics for performance evaluation, we should be in a position to improve the overall predictive power of our model before we roll it out for production on unseen data.Without doing a proper evaluation of the ML model using different metrics, and depending only on accuracy, it can lead to a problem when the respective model is deployed on unseen data and can result in poor predictions.This happens because, in cases like these, our models don’t learn but instead memorize;hence, they cannot generalize well on unseen data.Model Evaluation MetricsLet us now define the evaluation metrics for evaluating the performance of a machine learning model, which is an integral component of any data science project. It aims to estimate the generalization accuracy of a model on the future (unseen/out-of-sample) data.Confusion MatrixA confusion matrix is a matrix representation of the prediction results of any binary testing that is often used to describe the performance of the classification model (or “classifier”) on a set of test data for which the true values are known.The confusion matrix itself is relatively simple to understand, but the related terminology can be confusing.Confusion matrix with 2 class labels.Each prediction can be one of the four outcomes, based on how it matches up to the actual value:True Positive (TP): Predicted True and True in reality.True Negative (TN): Predicted False and False in reality.False Positive (FP): Predicted True and False in reality.False Negative (FN): Predicted False and True in reality.Now let us understand this concept using hypothesis testing.A Hypothesis is speculation or theory based on insufficient evidence that lends itself to further testing and experimentation. With further testing, a hypothesis can usually be proven true or false.A Null Hypothesis is a hypothesis that says there is no statistical significance between the two variables in the hypothesis. It is the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to disprove.We would always reject the null hypothesis when it is false, and we would accept the null hypothesis when it is indeed true.Even though hypothesis tests are meant to be reliable, there are two types of errors that can occur.These errors are known as Type 1 and Type II errors.For example, when examining the effectiveness of a drug, the null hypothesis would be that the drug does not affect a disease.Type I Error:- equivalent to False Positives(FP).The first kind of error that is possible involves the rejection of a null hypothesis that is true.Let’s go back to the example of a drug being used to treat a disease. If we reject the null hypothesis in this situation, then we claim that the drug does have some effect on a disease. But if the null hypothesis is true, then, in reality, the drug does not combat the disease at all. The drug is falsely claimed to have a positive effect on a disease.Type II Error:- equivalent to False Negatives(FN).The other kind of error that occurs when we accept a false null hypothesis. This sort of error is called a type II error and is also referred to as an error of the second kind.If we think back again to the scenario in which we are testing a drug, what would a type II error look like? A type II error would occur if we accepted that the drug hs no effect on disease, but in reality, it did.A sample python implementation of the Confusion matrix.import warnings import pandas as pd from sklearn import model_selection from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix import matplotlib.pyplot as plt %matplotlib inline #ignore warnings warnings.filterwarnings('ignore') # Load digits dataset url = "http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data" df = pd.read_csv(url) # df = df.values X = df.iloc[:,0:4] y = df.iloc[:,4] #test size test_size = 0.33 #generate the same set of random numbers seed = 7 #Split data into train and test set. X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = model_selection.train_test_split(X, y, test_size=test_size, random_state=seed) #Train Model model = LogisticRegression() model.fit(X_train, y_train) pred = model.predict(X_test) #Construct the Confusion Matrix labels = ['Iris-setosa', 'Iris-versicolor', 'Iris-virginica'] cm = confusion_matrix(y_test, pred, labels) print(cm) fig = plt.figure() ax = fig.add_subplot(111) cax = ax.matshow(cm) plt.title('Confusion matrix') fig.colorbar(cax) ax.set_xticklabels([''] + labels) ax.set_yticklabels([''] + labels) plt.xlabel('Predicted Values') plt.ylabel('Actual Values') plt.show()Confusion matrix with 3 class labels.The diagonal elements represent the number of points for which the predicted label is equal to the true label, while anything off the diagonal was mislabeled by the classifier. Therefore, the higher the diagonal values of the confusion matrix the better, indicating many correct predictions.In our case, the classifier predicted all the 13 setosa and 18 virginica plants in the test data perfectly. However, it incorrectly classified 4 of the versicolor plants as virginica.There is also a list of rates that are often computed from a confusion matrix for a binary classifier:1. AccuracyOverall, how often is the classifier correct?Accuracy = (TP+TN)/totalWhen our classes are roughly equal in size, we can use accuracy, which will give us correctly classified values.Accuracy is a common evaluation metric for classification problems. It’s the number of correct predictions made as a ratio of all predictions made.Misclassification Rate(Error Rate): Overall, how often is it wrong. Since accuracy is the percent we correctly classified (success rate), it follows that our error rate (the percentage we got wrong) can be calculated as follows:Misclassification Rate = (FP+FN)/totalWe use the sklearn module to compute the accuracy of a classification task, as shown below.#import modules import warnings import pandas as pd import numpy as np from sklearn import model_selection from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression from sklearn import datasets from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score #ignore warnings warnings.filterwarnings('ignore') # Load digits dataset iris = datasets.load_iris() # # Create feature matrix X = iris.data # Create target vector y = iris.target #test size test_size = 0.33 #generate the same set of random numbers seed = 7 #cross-validation settings kfold = model_selection.KFold(n_splits=10, random_state=seed) #Model instance model = LogisticRegression() #Evaluate model performance scoring = 'accuracy' results = model_selection.cross_val_score(model, X, y, cv=kfold, scoring=scoring) print('Accuracy -val set: %.2f%% (%.2f)' % (results.mean()*100, results.std())) #split data X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = model_selection.train_test_split(X, y, test_size=test_size, random_state=seed) #fit model model.fit(X_train, y_train) #accuracy on test set result = model.score(X_test, y_test) print("Accuracy - test set: %.2f%%" % (result*100.0))The classification accuracy is 88% on the validation set.2. PrecisionWhen it predicts yes, how often is it correct?Precision=TP/predicted yesWhen we have a class imbalance, accuracy can become an unreliable metric for measuring our performance. For instance, if we had a 99/1 split between two classes, A and B, where the rare event, B, is our positive class, we could build a model that was 99% accurate by just saying everything belonged to class A. Clearly, we shouldn’t bother building a model if it doesn’t do anything to identify class B; thus, we need different metrics that will discourage this behavior. For this, we use precision and recall instead of accuracy.3. Recall or SensitivityWhen it’s actually yes, how often does it predict yes?True Positive Rate = TP/actual yesRecall gives us the true positive rate (TPR), which is the ratio of true positives to everything positive.In the case of the 99/1 split between classes A and B, the model that classifies everything as A would have a recall of 0% for the positive class, B (precision would be undefined — 0/0). Precision and recall provide a better way of evaluating model performance in the face of a class imbalance. They will correctly tell us that the model has little value for our use case.Just like accuracy, both precision and recall are easy to compute and understand but require thresholds. Besides, precision and recall only consider half of the confusion matrix:4. F1 ScoreThe F1 score is the harmonic mean of the precision and recall, where an F1 score reaches its best value at 1 (perfect precision and recall) and worst at 0.Why harmonic mean? Since the harmonic mean of a list of numbers skews strongly toward the least elements of the list, it tends (compared to the arithmetic mean) to mitigate the impact of large outliers and aggravate the impact of small ones.An F1 score punishes extreme values more. Ideally, an F1 Score could be an effective evaluation metric in the following classification scenarios:When FP and FN are equally costly — meaning they miss on true positives or find false positives — both impact the model almost the same way, as in our cancer detection classification exampleAdding more data doesn’t effectively change the outcome effectivelyTN is high (like with flood predictions, cancer predictions, etc.)A sample python implementation of the F1 score.import warnings import pandas from sklearn import model_selection from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression from sklearn.metrics import log_loss from sklearn.metrics import precision_recall_fscore_support as score, precision_score, recall_score, f1_score warnings.filterwarnings('ignore') url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jbrownlee/Datasets/master/pima-indians-diabetes.data.csv" dataframe = pandas.read_csv(url) dat = dataframe.values X = dat[:,:-1] y = dat[:,-1] test_size = 0.33 seed = 7 model = LogisticRegression() #split data X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = model_selection.train_test_split(X, y, test_size=test_size, random_state=seed) model.fit(X_train, y_train) precision = precision_score(y_test, pred) print('Precision: %f' % precision) # recall: tp / (tp + fn) recall = recall_score(y_test, pred) print('Recall: %f' % recall) # f1: tp / (tp + fp + fn) f1 = f1_score(y_test, pred) print('F1 score: %f' % f1)5. SpecificityWhen it’s no, how often does it predict no?True Negative Rate=TN/actual noIt is the true negative rate or the proportion of true negatives to everything that should have been classified as negative.Note that, together, specificity and sensitivity consider the full confusion matrix:6. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) CurveMeasuring the area under the ROC curve is also a very useful method for evaluating a model. By plotting the true positive rate (sensitivity) versus the false-positive rate (1 — specificity), we get the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. This curve allows us to visualize the trade-off between the true positive rate and the false positive rate.The following are examples of good ROC curves. The dashed line would be random guessing (no predictive value) and is used as a baseline; anything below that is considered worse than guessing. We want to be toward the top-left corner:A sample python implementation of the ROC curves.#Classification Area under curve import warnings import pandas from sklearn import model_selection from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression from sklearn.metrics import roc_auc_score, roc_curve warnings.filterwarnings('ignore') url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jbrownlee/Datasets/master/pima-indians-diabetes.data.csv" dataframe = pandas.read_csv(url) dat = dataframe.values X = dat[:,:-1] y = dat[:,-1] seed = 7 #split data X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = model_selection.train_test_split(X, y, test_size=test_size, random_state=seed) model.fit(X_train, y_train) # predict probabilities probs = model.predict_proba(X_test) # keep probabilities for the positive outcome only probs = probs[:, 1] auc = roc_auc_score(y_test, probs) print('AUC - Test Set: %.2f%%' % (auc*100)) # calculate roc curve fpr, tpr, thresholds = roc_curve(y_test, probs) # plot no skill plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 1], linestyle='--') # plot the roc curve for the model plt.plot(fpr, tpr, marker='.') plt.xlabel('False positive rate') plt.ylabel('Sensitivity/ Recall') # show the plot plt.show()In the example above, the AUC is relatively close to 1 and greater than 0.5. A perfect classifier will have the ROC curve go along the Y-axis and then along the X-axisLog LossLog Loss is the most important classification metric based on probabilities.As the predicted probability of the true class gets closer to zero, the loss increases exponentially:It measures the performance of a classification model where the prediction input is a probability value between 0 and 1. Log loss increases as the predicted probability diverge from the actual label. The goal of any machine learning model is to minimize this value. As such, smaller log loss is better, with a perfect model having a log loss of 0.A sample python implementation of the Log Loss.#Classification LogLoss import warnings import pandas from sklearn import model_selection from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression from sklearn.metrics import log_loss warnings.filterwarnings('ignore') url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jbrownlee/Datasets/master/pima-indians-diabetes.data.csv" dataframe = pandas.read_csv(url) dat = dataframe.values X = dat[:,:-1] y = dat[:,-1] seed = 7 #split data X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = model_selection.train_test_split(X, y, test_size=test_size, random_state=seed) model.fit(X_train, y_train) #predict and compute logloss pred = model.predict(X_test) accuracy = log_loss(y_test, pred) print("Logloss: %.2f" % (accuracy))Logloss: 8.02 Jaccard IndexJaccard Index is one of the simplest ways to calculate and find out the accuracy of a classification ML model. Let’s understand it with an example. Suppose we have a labeled test set, with labels as –y = [0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1]And our model has predicted the labels as –y1 = [1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1]The above Venn diagram shows us the labels of the test set and the labels of the predictions, and their intersection and union.Jaccard Index or Jaccard similarity coefficient is a statistic used in understanding the similarities between sample sets. The measurement emphasizes the similarity between finite sample sets and is formally defined as the size of the intersection divided by the size of the union of the two labeled sets, with formula as –Jaccard Index or Intersection over Union(IoU)So, for our example, we can see that the intersection of the two sets is equal to 8 (since eight values are predicted correctly) and the union is 10 + 10–8 = 12. So, the Jaccard index gives us the accuracy as –So, the accuracy of our model, according to Jaccard Index, becomes 0.66, or 66%.Higher the Jaccard index higher the accuracy of the classifier.A sample python implementation of the Jaccard index.import numpy as np def compute_jaccard_similarity_score(x, y): intersection_cardinality = len(set(x).intersection(set(y))) union_cardinality = len(set(x).union(set(y))) return intersection_cardinality / float(union_cardinality) score = compute_jaccard_similarity_score(np.array([0, 1, 2, 5, 6]), np.array([0, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9])) print "Jaccard Similarity Score : %s" %score passJaccard Similarity Score : 0.375Kolomogorov Smirnov chartK-S or Kolmogorov-Smirnov chart measures the performance of classification models. More accurately, K-S is a measure of the degree of separation between positive and negative distributions.The cumulative frequency for the observed and hypothesized distributions is plotted against the ordered frequencies. The vertical double arrow indicates the maximal vertical difference.The K-S is 100 if the scores partition the population into two separate groups in which one group contains all the positives and the other all the negatives. On the other hand, If the model cannot differentiate between positives and negatives, then it is as if the model selects cases randomly from the population. The K-S would be 0.In most classification models the K-S will fall between 0 and 100, and that the higher the value the better the model is at separating the positive from negative cases.The K-S may also be used to test whether two underlying one-dimensional probability distributions differ. It is a very efficient way to determine if two samples are significantly different from each other.A sample python implementation of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov.from scipy.stats import kstest import random # N = int(input("Enter number of random numbers: ")) N = 10 actual =[] print("Enter outcomes: ") for i in range(N): # x = float(input("Outcomes of class "+str(i + 1)+": ")) actual.append(random.random()) print(actual) x = kstest(actual, "norm") print(x)The Null hypothesis used here assumes that the numbers follow the normal distribution. It returns statistics and p-value. If the p-value is < alpha, we reject the Null hypothesis.Alpha is defined as the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis given the null hypothesis(H0) is true. For most of the practical applications, alpha is chosen as 0.05.Gain and Lift ChartGain or Lift is a measure of the effectiveness of a classification model calculated as the ratio between the results obtained with and without the model. Gain and lift charts are visual aids for evaluating the performance of classification models. However, in contrast to the confusion matrix that evaluates models on the whole population gain or lift chart evaluates model performance in a portion of the population.The higher the lift (i.e. the further up it is from the baseline), the better the model.The following gains chart, run on a validation set, shows that with 50% of the data, the model contains 90% of targets, Adding more data adds a negligible increase in the percentage of targets included in the model.Gain/lift chartLift charts are often shown as a cumulative lift chart, which is also known as a gains chart. Therefore, gains charts are sometimes (perhaps confusingly) called “lift charts”, but they are more accurately cumulative lift charts.It is one of their most common uses is in marketing, to decide if a prospective client is worth calling.Gini CoefficientThe Gini coefficient or Gini Index is a popular metric for imbalanced class values. The coefficient ranges from 0 to 1 where 0 represents perfect equality and 1 represents perfect inequality. Here, if the value of an index is higher, then the data will be more dispersed.Gini coefficient can be computed from the area under the ROC curve using the following formula:Gini Coefficient = (2 * ROC_curve) — 1ConclusionUnderstanding how well a machine learning model is going to perform on unseen data is the ultimate purpose behind working with these evaluation metrics. Metrics like accuracy, precision, recall are good ways to evaluate classification models for balanced datasets, but if the data is imbalanced and there’s a class disparity, then other methods like ROC/AUC, Gini coefficient perform better in evaluating the model performance.Well, this concludes this article. I hope you guys have enjoyed reading it, feel free to share your comments/thoughts/feedback in the comment section.Thanks for reading !!!

Juan Guillermo Gómez Ramírez

Feb 26, 2021

Data Science

DataSource AI Hosts KTM AG's Inaugural AI Challenge: "Code the Light Fantastic"

DataSource AI announces the launch of the KTM AG inaugural AI Challenge, an unprecedented 3-month online competition that aims to revolutionise two-wheeler innovation through artificial intelligence and deep learning. KTM AG is a global frontrunner in two-wheeler innovation, known for pushing the boundaries of what's possible in the world of motorcycles. With a rich history of groundbreaking engineering and a commitment to cutting-edge technology, KTM AG has set new standards in performance, design, and safety. As a global leader in two-wheeler innovation, KTM AG invites participants to embark on this groundbreaking innovation journey. At the core of this competition lies a challenge set to redefine the future of motorcycle lighting systems. Participants are tasked with developing an algorithm for a high-beam lighting system utilizing a pixel matrix. Participants can find detailed guidelines in the Datathon competition. The datathon unfolds in a 3-tiered cascade model: This Code Challenge by KTM AG promises not only substantial rewards but also an exciting opportunity to shape the future of two-wheeler technology, along with supporting the participants to upscale and test their knowledge in a global AI competition. The cumulative budget for this remarkable Code Challenge by KTM AG is a substantial €24,000, motivating participants with not only the opportunity to push the boundaries of two-wheeler technology but also significant rewards for those who rise to the occasion. With cumulative prizes, contestants have the chance to potentially take home a maximum reward of €10,800 in addition to contributing to cutting-edge advancements in the field. We invite all aspiring innovators, data scientists, and AI enthusiasts to join us in this journey to "Code the Light Fantastic." For more information, rules, and registration details, please register hereAbout DataSource: At DataSource AI, we are driven by a singular mission - to democratise the immense power of data science and AI/ML for businesses of all sizes and budgets. We facilitate AI competitions, for businesses of all sizes and budgets by harnessing our extensive data expert community that's collaborating over our intelligent AI algorithm crowdsourcing platform. Our community is at the heart of what we do. We've built a diverse and talented pool of data experts who are passionate about solving real-world problems. They collaborate, ideate, and innovate, driving forward the frontiers of data science.

nikos_datasource

Feb 26, 2021

Data Science

Data-Driven Creativity: Enhancing Video Content through Data Science

In the age of digital marketing and content creation, data-driven creativity is becoming an increasingly important concept. It's the fusion of artistic vision with the insights gleaned from data science to enhance the impact and effectiveness of video content. This 2500-word blog will explore how data science can be leveraged to elevate video content creation, ensuring that it not only engages but also resonates with the intended audience.Introduction to Data-Driven CreativityData-driven creativity marks a groundbreaking shift in video content creation, blending artistic vision with the insights provided by data science. This combination allows creators to break free from conventional creative limits, using data analytics to develop content that is both visually captivating and strategically significant. By delving into viewer behavior, preferences, and interactions, creators can refine their stories and visuals, achieving a deeper connection with their audience. This technique effectively transforms data into a guide for storytelling, steering content towards increased relevance and attractiveness. Consequently, video content becomes a more potent medium for engaging viewers and delivering impactful messages. Fundamentally, data-driven creativity is about converting data points into compelling stories and turning analytical insights into creative masterpieces, thereby redefining the standards of digital video content.Understanding the Role of Data in Video Content CreationExploring the Role of Data in Video Content Creation ventures into the rapidly growing realm of data-driven creativity, where data science emerges as a key instrument in enriching video content. In this realm, data transcends mere figures to become a narrative element, providing rich insights into what audiences prefer, how they behave, and emerging trends. Utilizing data, video creators can break free from conventional creative constraints, shaping their stories to more deeply connect with viewers. This process involves a detailed examination of viewer interactions, demographics, and feedback to hone storytelling skills, aiming to create videos that are not only watched but also emotionally impactful and memorable. Data-driven creativity is a fusion of art and science, where each view, reaction, and comment plays a role in directing the trajectory of video content, enhancing its relevance, engagement, and effect. This marks a transformative phase in content creation, where data equips creators to weave narratives that are not just creatively rich but also finely tuned to the dynamic preferences and interests of their audience.The Process of Gathering and Analyzing DataCollecting and analyzing data forms the foundation of data-driven creativity, especially in the realm of video content enhancement. This process involves the acquisition of key information, including audience demographics, interaction metrics, and performance measures, utilizing sophisticated tools and technologies. These range from social media analytics to advanced data mining applications designed to track a broad spectrum of viewer interactions. Once collected, this data undergoes thorough analysis to identify trends, preferences, and behaviors within the target audience. Such analysis equips content creators with insightful knowledge, allowing them to adjust their video content for greater appeal and connection with their audience. Leveraging these insights, creators can modify elements such as the tone, style, and themes of their content, revolutionizing storytelling methods and ensuring their content is both captivating and impactful. This integration of data science with creative storytelling heralds a transformative phase in video content production, where analytical findings significantly enhance artistic expression.Tailoring Content to Audience PreferencesAdapting content to audience preferences through data-driven creativity signifies a vital evolution in video content production. By incorporating data science, creators gain profound insights into audience behaviors, likes, and engagement patterns. This approach facilitates the creation of content that better resonates with viewers, ensuring everything from the plot to visual elements aligns with their interests. Utilizing analytics such as viewer habits and interaction rates, creators can pinpoint engaging aspects for better video content. Using a high-quality video editor tool is important to make the video look better. This knowledge allows precise adjustments, making the content not only captivating but also highly relevant. Ultimately, incorporating data in video content creation leads to more impactful and resonant viewer experiences, forging a deeper bond between the audience and the content.Enhancing Storytelling with Data InsightsUtilizing data insights to enhance storytelling is a groundbreaking method in video content production. Termed data-driven creativity, this technique blends the storytelling craft with data science accuracy. Content creators leverage analysis of viewer engagement, preferences, and behavior to fine-tune their narratives, ensuring a deeper connection with their audience. This integration results in not only engaging narratives but also ones that are in tune with audience interests and emerging trends. Insights from data grant a clearer understanding of what truly engages viewers, empowering creators to optimize their storytelling for the greatest effect. This modern approach reinvents traditional storytelling into an experience that's both more impactful and centered around the audience, with each creative decision being shaped and enriched by data.Using Data to Predict Future TrendsUtilizing data for future trends in data-driven creativity marks a revolutionary step in improving video content via data science. This technique focuses on analyzing viewer interactions, demographic information, and behavioral tendencies to predict future content direction. Using data enables creators to be proactive, crafting video content that resonates with emerging audience preferences and interests. Such a forward-thinking approach guarantees ongoing relevance in a dynamic digital world and fosters innovation and leadership among content creators. The blend of data analytics and artistic insight leads to the production of not just captivating but also pioneering videos, demonstrating the significant role of data in shaping the future of video content creation.Balancing Creativity and DataAchieving a harmonious blend of creativity and data in video content production is both subtle and potent. Data-driven creativity embodies the convergence of artistic flair and data analytics, providing an innovative method to boost video effectiveness. By weaving in data analysis, video creators unlock insights into what their audience prefers and how they behave, guiding their artistic choices. This integration results in content that is not only enthralling but also deeply meaningful to viewers. It is essential, however, to ensure that data serves as a guide, not a ruler, in the creative journey. This equilibrium keeps the content fresh and appealing while aligning it thoughtfully with data-driven knowledge. In essence, data-driven creativity in video content merges the narrative craft with analytical insights, culminating in videos that are both compelling and influential.Overcoming Challenges in Data-Driven CreativityOvercoming hurdles in data-driven creativity necessitates a nuanced integration of data science into the creation of video content. It involves striking a delicate balance between analytical methodologies and artistic expression, ensuring that data serves as an informative tool rather than a constraint on creativity. Accurate interpretation of data empowers content creators to avoid formulaic outputs, utilizing insights to enrich storytelling and enhance audience engagement. This intricate process demands a comprehensive understanding of the artistry of video creation and the scientific principles behind data analysis. Ethical considerations, including respecting audience privacy and obtaining data consent, are pivotal in this approach. Innovative strategies within data-driven creativity empower creators to produce content that forges deeper connections with viewers, setting new benchmarks in the digital landscape. Embracing these challenges is essential for unlocking the full potential of data-enhanced video content.Ethical Considerations in Data-Driven CreativityIn the domain of data-driven creativity, ethical considerations play a crucial role, especially when utilizing data science to enhance video content. While utilizing data insights can enhance creative processes, it is essential to address privacy concerns and ensure transparent, responsible data usage. Achieving the right equilibrium between creativity and ethical considerations becomes paramount as brands employ data to customize video content. Upholding user privacy and securing informed consent are fundamental principles in ethical data-driven creativity, fostering trust among audiences. Moreover, there is an obligation to avoid perpetuating biases and stereotypes in content creation, championing inclusivity and diversity. Ethical practices not only maintain brand integrity but also contribute to a positive and respectful digital environment for consumers.Tools and Resources for Data-Driven Video CreationExplore the potential of data-driven creativity using state-of-the-art tools and resources for crafting videos. In the current digital landscape, integrating data science and video content is transforming the landscape of creative processes. Immerse yourself in a domain where insights derived from data direct every facet of video production. These tools empower creators to customize content according to audience preferences, ensuring that each video is not only visually captivating but also strategically aligned. From scriptwriting informed by analytics to incorporating personalized visual elements, the utilization of data science takes video content to unprecedented levels. Delve into the crossroads of technology and creativity, where strategies driven by data redefine storytelling, captivating audiences in a personalized and meaningful manner.The Future of Data-Driven Creativity in Video ContentThe evolution of data-driven creativity in video content is set to transform our interaction with digital media. Through the incorporation of data science, creators gain valuable insights into viewer preferences, behavior, and trends. This collaboration enables a personalized and captivating viewing experience, heightening audience engagement. With the utilization of data-driven creativity, content producers can shape videos to suit the unique preferences of their target audience, resulting in more impactful storytelling and brand communication. As technology progresses, we anticipate a shift towards highly personalized content, driven by data insights, leading to innovative approaches in video production. This convergence of creativity and data science holds significant promise for the future development of video content within the digital landscape.ConclusionIn summary, the convergence of data-driven insights and creative components represents a transformative shift in the realm of video content creation. The fusion of Data Science and creativity provides content producers with the tools to precisely tailor videos to audience preferences, resulting in more impactful and engaging content. Leveraging the potential of data facilitates a deeper comprehension of viewer behavior, enabling targeted storytelling. Amidst the digital landscape, the symbiosis of data and creativity not only elevates video content but also fosters innovation and personalized experiences. Looking ahead, embracing Data-Driven Creativity becomes crucial for maintaining a leading edge in the continually evolving landscape of video content creation.

nikos_datasource

Feb 26, 2021

Business

The Impact of AI and Data Science on Modern Industry Challenges

The digital transformation sweeping through industries is making data science and artificialintelligence (AI) more essential than ever. From manufacturing to healthcare, companies areleveraging data and AI not just for operational efficiency but also for strategic growth. Here, we’llexplore how real-life data science and AI applications are solving industry challenges andshaping the future.Predictive Maintenance in ManufacturingManufacturers have long sought ways to reduce equipment downtime and prolong machinerylife. Predictive maintenance, powered by AI, enables businesses to foresee issues before theyarise. By analyzing data from sensors attached to machinery, AI can detect early warning signsof potential failures. This proactive approach reduces unexpected breakdowns and associatedcosts, boosting overall productivity.A prime example is the use of predictive maintenance in the elevator industry. Elevators arenow connected via GSM gateways, enabling real-time data communication through networkslike 3G and 4G. AI analyzes sensor data from various elevator components to detect anomaliessuch as changes in motor vibration or cable wear. When detected, these anomalies triggeralerts for technicians to address the issues before a breakdown occurs. Companies like KONEhave leveraged platforms like IBM Watson to enhance their predictive maintenance capabilities,ensuring safer and more reliable operations.Fraud Detection in Financial ServicesFraud is a persistent challenge in financial services, threatening the security of institutions andtheir customers. AI-driven solutions have revolutionized fraud detection by leveraging machinelearning algorithms to identify unusual transaction patterns and flag potential fraudulent activityin real-time.These systems are trained on extensive datasets, enabling them to learn and adapt to changingfraud tactics. For example, machine learning models analyze historical transaction data torecognize deviations from typical customer behavior. This allows financial institutions to quicklyidentify and halt suspicious transactions, minimizing the impact of fraud. Companies thatincorporate tools like Microsoft Power BI can further optimize their insights, making informeddecisions and bolstering security measures across the board.Healthcare DiagnosticsThe application of data science in healthcare is transformative, enabling faster and moreaccurate diagnostics. AI algorithms analyze complex medical data, such as imaging scans andpatient records, to identify diseases early and recommend treatment plans. This assists doctorsin diagnosing conditions more precisely and allows for more personalized patient care.In radiology, for instance, AI tools can process thousands of X-rays to detect abnormalities withan accuracy that sometimes surpasses that of human experts. AI is also proving indispensablein genomics, helping to identify hereditary disease markers and guiding the development ofpersonalized treatments. According to DataScientest, advancements in healthcare analytics arenot only improving diagnostic processes but also facilitating better patient outcomes byproviding actionable insights into medical data.Supply Chain OptimizationThe supply chain is the backbone of any product-driven industry. Effective supply chainmanagement ensures that products reach customers promptly and efficiently. AI plays asignificant role here by improving demand forecasting, inventory management, and deliveryprocesses.Predictive analytics, for example, use historical sales data and external factors such as weatherand economic indicators to forecast product demand more accurately. This helps companiesavoid overstocking or understocking, leading to more efficient inventory management.Additionally, AI-driven route optimization ensures faster delivery times and reducedtransportation costs.Customer Experience EnhancementBusinesses today are increasingly turning to AI to enhance customer experiences. By analyzingcustomer data, AI can help predict customer needs and personalize interactions, makingservices more engaging and effective. AI-powered chatbots, for example, have become commonplace in handling basic customer inquiries. These bots, equipped with natural language processing (NLP), can understand and respond to questions, improving response times and overall customer satisfaction. Beyond chatbots, advanced recommendation engines are used in e-commerce platforms to suggestproducts based on user behavior.Key Challenges and ConsiderationsWhile the benefits of integrating AI and data science are clear, industries must navigate severalchallenges to make the most of these technologies. Data security is of paramount importance,especially in sectors like healthcare and finance where sensitive data is handled. Companiesmust ensure robust information security protocols and adhere to regulations such as theGeneral Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the EU and the Health Insurance Portability andAccountability Act (HIPAA) in the United States.Bias in AI models is another challenge that requires attention. If machine learning algorithms aretrained on non-representative data, they can perpetuate biases, leading to unfair outcomes. Forinstance, biased models in hiring practices could lead to skewed decisions, while biasedhealthcare algorithms might overlook critical patient needs. Regular audits and training ondiverse datasets can help mitigate these risks.Ethical Considerations and SustainabilityThe use of AI and data science should align with ethical practices. This includes ensuringtransparency in AI-driven decision-making and minimizing potential biases. It is also importantto prioritize sustainability. Companies should strive to implement energy-efficient AI models andconsider the environmental impact of their data centers and computation needs.Ethical data use and model interpretability are crucial for building trust with consumers andstakeholders. When companies openly communicate how their AI systems work and the stepstaken to prevent biases, they foster trust and encourage wider adoption.Advancing Workforce SkillsTo leverage the full potential of AI and data science, businesses must invest in upskilling theirworkforce. This includes training employees to understand and work with AI technologies, aswell as fostering a culture of data-driven decision-making.The Future of AI and Data Science in IndustryEmerging trends such as AI-powered automation and more sophisticated machine learningalgorithms will redefine how industries operate. Businesses that embrace these technologiesand focus on building a data-centric culture will be better positioned for long-term success.Theintegration of data science and AI into industry practices is more than just a trend—it is a crucialstrategy for gaining a competitive edge.

nikos_datasource

Feb 26, 2021

What Is Open Innovation In Data Science?

Contents Outline

Daniel Morales

What Is Open Innovation In Data Science?

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Innovation intermediaries

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Juan Guillermo Gómez Ramírez

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What Is Open Innovation In Data Science?

Contents Outline

Social Sharing

Daniel Morales

Advantages

Models

Innovation intermediaries

Innovation intermediaries

Role

Impact

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Juan Guillermo Gómez Ramírez

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